Introduction

The rise in popularity of light electric vehicles (LEVs) like e-scooters and e-bikes has led to an increase in fires caused by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in Australia. These batteries store large amounts of energy, making them volatile and prone to explosive failures, toxic fumes, and secondary ignitions.

Understanding how to safely charge these and other devices is crucial for maintaining safety in your strata community.

Types of LEVs Utilizing Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries power various LEVs, including:

• E-scooters
• Electric bicycles (e-bikes)
• Electric mobility scooters (e-mobility)
• Self-balancing hoverboards

Other Portable Devices

Lithium-ion batteries are also common in many other portable devices:

• Smartphones: Charge on non-combustible surfaces and avoid overcharging.
• Tablets: Use original chargers and keep them away from heat sources.
• Laptops: Ensure proper ventilation and avoid charging on soft surfaces like beds.
• Power Banks: Do not leave them in direct sunlight or in cars during hot weather.
• Cameras: Follow manufacturer guidelines and store batteries safely when not in use.

Safety Concerns with Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have become commonplace in modern electronics due to their high energy density and rechargeable nature. However, they are not without safety concerns, which primarily stem from their chemistry and the potential for thermal runaway.

Here are 3 key safety concerns associated with lithium-ion batteries:

1. Thermal Runaway: This is perhaps the most significant safety concern. Thermal runaway can occur if the battery undergoes a rapid and uncontrollable increase in temperature. It is often initiated by internal or external factors such as overcharging, external heat, physical damage, or manufacturing defects. Once started, thermal runaway can lead to fires or explosions due to the release of stored energy and volatile chemicals.
2. Overcharging and Overheating: Overcharging a lithium-ion battery can lead to the decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of gases, which can cause pressure buildup inside the battery. This can result in swelling, leakage, and in extreme cases, rupture or fire.
3. Manufacturing Defects: Defects in the manufacturing process, such as contamination or improper assembly of battery cells, can increase the likelihood of thermal runaway.

To mitigate these risks, safety features, such as the following should be considered:

• Battery Management Systems (BMS): These systems monitor and control the charging and discharging processes to prevent overcharging and overheating.
• Thermal Management: Some devices incorporate thermal management systems to regulate the battery temperature and prevent overheating.
• Regulatory Standards: Governments and international bodies have established regulations and standards to ensure the safe design, manufacture, and transport of lithium-ion batteries.

Guidelines for Safe Charging

1. Purchase Wisely: Buy from trusted suppliers and follow manufacturer instructions.
2. Professional Repairs: Seek qualified professionals for repairs and replacements.
3. Compliant Chargers: Use chargers with the Australian Regulatory Compliance Mark.
4. Correct Charger Use: Use designated chargers and cords for each device.
5. Safe Surfaces: Charge on non-combustible surfaces like tiles or concrete.
6. Supervised Charging: Never leave charging batteries unattended.
7. Avoid Extremes: Do not charge exposed batteries; allow them to cool first.
8. Prevent Overcharging: Disconnect devices once fully charged.
9. Dedicated Areas: Charge in garages or sheds, away from living areas.
10. Smoke Alarms: Install alarms in charging/storage areas.

Identifying Battery Failures

Avoid using batteries that smell, leak, swell, change color, make unusual sounds, or overheat. Evacuate immediately and call emergency services if the battery emits smoke or vapors.

Proper Disposal of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Follow local fire and rescue service guidelines for disposing of lithium-ion batteries to prevent fires in waste facilities.

Additional Resources

For more detailed safety information, consult:

• Fire Safety Victoria
• Fire and Rescue New South Wales
• Queensland Fire and Emergency Services
• South Australian Metropolitan Fire Service
• Northern Territory Fire and Rescue Service
• Australian Capital Territory Emergency Services Agency

Conclusion

While LEVs and other portable devices are eco-friendly and convenient, charging them safely is essential to prevent fires and protect your strata community. Follow these guidelines and consult local resources for comprehensive safety advice.

This article was contributed by Andrew Staehr, Director, Strata Compliance Solutions

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